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Example text

The canal system supplied cheap transport, and the new technologies allowed the employment of coal fuel throughout the production process. Producing only 2000 tons in 1720, the county produced 125,000 tons in 1815, so that South Wales and Staffordshire then together accounted for two-thirds of national pig iron production and three-quarters of bar. These were the iron districts of large furnaces, some South Wales furnaces producing over 2000 tons a year in the first decade of the nineteenth century, and they were the places where the techniques of puddling and rolling were most developed; Cyfarthfa had the massive rolling capacity of 13,000 tons a year.

Foreign imports averaged over 29,000 of bar in that decade, the equivalent of nearly 38,000 tons of pig, giving a rough total demand of 66,000 tons expressed as pig. The importance of the transformation of the industry after 1750 can be seen from the figures at the end of the century. In 1799 British pig production alone was 170,000 tons, and average bar imports for the last decade were 45,500 tons or about 58,500 pig equivalent, so that, by the end of the century, the formerly dominant position of imports had been greatly changed.

By 1692, and probably earlier, it was made at Sheffield, near to cutlery customers. Though perhaps five furnaces were established near or in the town, Sheffield output did not really accelerate until the 1730s when inland navigation and road improvements began to improve access to Swedish iron imported via Hull. By the 1730s the metal manufacturers of Birmingham, too, had steel furnaces, though both Birmingham and Sheffield also bought in North East steel. In the late eighteenth century Sheffield raced ahead and by 1797 had 16 cementation steel works, some with several furnaces.

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