Download e-book for kindle: That Complex Whole: Culture And The Evolution Of Human by Lee Cronk

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Example text

During the first twenty-one days of the cycle, Gethenians are sexually latent: They are neither interested in sex nor physiologically capable of it. On the twenty-second day an estrus-like period called kemmer begins. During the few days that kemmer lasts, a Gethenian individual has a very strong sex drive. When a partner in kemmer is found, more hormones are secreted until one becomes functionally male and the other functionally female. If the temporarily female partner does not conceive, then after kemmer both partners will return to the sexually latent samer stage for another three weeks.

People not familiar with animal-behavior studies often assume that animals behave in narrow, rigidly programmed ways dictated by fixed instincts and that as a result their behavior varies little within any one species, but it has long been known that this is not true even for species that most people consider relatively primitive. For example, male scorpionflies have three different ways of getting a mate. They can either tempt a female with a nuptual gift of a dead insect, entice her with the somewhat less attractive gift of a glob of nutritious saliva secreted onto a leaf, or force a female to mate without offering anything nutritious in return.

21 Yet the Kipsigis example suggests why this idea is insufficient to explain cultural uniformity. Although their inheritance practices seem slow to adjust, the Kipsigis have actually been going through a period of extreme and rapid change ever since the British took over Kenya late in the last century, shifting from their traditional subsistence nomadic herding to sedentary farming. 22 Another Kenyan people, the Mukogodo of rny own research, provide an even more striking example of how rapidly and drastically it is possible for cultures to change.

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