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Example text

Realization is determinative in the following sense: where some object, process, event, or capacity A determines B, the presence of A is sufficient for the presence of B. Given that the properties posited at the most basic homuncular level, b, are individualistic, and that b provides a realization of properties specified at level b + 1, such properties must also be individualistic. Since in moving from b + I to n the same is true of each pair of adjacent levels, the properties specified at n must also be individualistic.

Those apes that discovered the solutions - some never did - accomplished it with the aid of many hours of trial-and-error manipulating. Now were they thinking when they were fussing about in their cages? What were they manipulating? Boxes and sticks. It is all too tempting to suppose that their external, visible manipulations were accompanied by, and driven by, internal, covert manipulations - of thoughts about or representations of these objects, but succumbing to this temptation is losing the main chance.

The second is that metarepresentation often involves operating on both internal and external symbols, and this suggests that our cognitive systems extend beyond the heads that house them. Before turning to this argument, I want to draw attention to two entrenched views, the first about psychological capacities and the second about mental representation, that are incompatible with the position I shall advocate. 3. Minimal Reductionism and the Encoding View The first of these views is minimal reductionism, the view that psychological capacities are nothing over and above capacities of the brain and central nervous system.

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