Download PDF by Thomas Sheahen: Introduction to High-Temperature Superconductivity

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Extra info for Introduction to High-Temperature Superconductivity

Sample text

E. Evetts27 had shown that this condition was attributable to pinning at phase boundaries, especially the surface. Thus, some flux pinning is practically unavoidable in type II superconductors, and a great deal of pinning is desirable for most practical applications. 10. First, there is no sudden change in magnetization M as H passes through only the deviation from linearity of the M versus H curve tells that the diamagnetism is no longer perfect and that some amount of flux is penetrating the material.

2 K, even in an ideal system. 8 K, where the Carnot efficiency is worse yet. It becomes even more 40 CHAPTER 3 important to strive for high efficiency in such systems. To gain better conductor performance, designers sometimes are forced to accept the lower efficiency that comes with lower operating temperatures. 2. GAS REFRIGERATORS Just as there is no realizable ideal Carnot cycle, so, too, there is no truly ideal gas. It is the deviations from ideal-gas behavior that makes it possible to build refrigerators that liquefy gases.

Press, New York: 1983). L. Goodrich and S. L. Bray, Cryogenics 30, 667 (1990). V. L. Ginsburg and L. D. Landau, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20, 1064 (1950). A. A. Abrikosov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 1442 (1957). L. P. Gorkov, Zh. Eksp. Tear. Fiz. 36, 1918 (1959). P. G. deGennes, Superconductivity of Metals and Alloys (Benjamin, New York: 1966). U. Essmann and H. Trauble, Phys. Lett. 24A, 526 (1967). J. W. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3413 (1994). A. A. Abrikosov, Fundamentals of the Theory of Metals (North-Holland, Amsterdam: 1988).

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