Altruism and Aggression: Social and Biological Origins by Carolyn Zahn-Waxler, E. Mark Cummings, Ronald J. Iannotti PDF

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Extra resources for Altruism and Aggression: Social and Biological Origins

Sample text

Panksepp & Bishop, 1981), but a biological understanding of altruism will require a clarification of such processes. Kin recognition Granted the sociobiological tenet that the roots of "altruistic" behaviors are embedded in an evolutionary past based on genetic selfishness that has come to be extended to relatives, the key biological issue that needs clarification is how the brain elaborates kin recognition. The identification of genetic relatives may have weak innate components, as appears to have been demonstrated by Hepper (1983) and by Wu and colleagues (1980), perhaps mediated by such attributes as odor, appearance, or manner of behaving, but it remains likely that most kin recognition within at least mammalian and avian species arises from brain emotional systems that mediate social bonding.

For instance, pain responses in one animal may unconditionally activate distress circuits in brains of nearby animals, promoting behaviors that minimize distress in both. Such seeking of emotional relief may have direct survival value for the recipient and indirect (genetic) survival value for the altruist. However, the proximal underlying mechanism is presumably related to the rebalancing of activity in emotional circuits, and only in a distal sense may such behavior also help keep the genetic ledger in the black.

Although this approach is surely different from the sociobiological perspective on altruism, it is also an essential step onto the quicksilver path of truth. All mammalian helping behaviors may ultimately arise from the nurturant dictates of brain systems that mediate social bonding and maternal care. The distress of separation and the satisfactions of maternal nurturance may be the emotional poles between which the stream of altruistic intent flows; we shall have a substantive sociobiology of human and animal behavior when the physiological mechanisms governing such processes have been more fully deciphered.

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